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| 634 |
| | | Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert | |
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| 637 |
| | | The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty | |
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| 638 |
| | | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 642 |
| | | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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| 644 |
| | | After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 674 |
| | | A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire' | |
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